The short version of ACTH analog fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-05-05 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
The compound is registered in Russia as a pharmaceutical product, most commonly formulated as a nasal solution, and has been used in that setting since the 1990s. Outside that jurisdiction it is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Regulatory status therefore differs sharply between countries, and material sold internationally may not correspond to the Russian pharmaceutical formulation. Documentation with commercial samples is typically limited to a certificate of analysis covering purity and identity, not clinical status or local legal classification.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
Laboratory work points toward modulation of neurotrophic signaling, particularly expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in hippocampal tissue. Studies also describe effects on monoamine turnover, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative markers. These observations come mainly from animal models and cultured cells, so the causal chain in humans is not firmly established. Whether the reported molecular changes translate into measurable clinical benefit is an open question. Reviews generally present the mechanism as plausible rather than demonstrated.
Clinical evidence consists largely of small trials with modest sample sizes, often without independent replication. Reported endpoints include cognitive scores, recovery after stroke, and visual function, but study designs vary widely and few trials meet contemporary reporting standards. Systematic reviewers have noted a high risk of bias in several of these reports. No large multicenter trial conducted outside Russia has been published. The compound is therefore best described as investigational in most jurisdictions, with its clinical role still unresolved.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C37H51N9O10S | Contains one methionine sulfur atom |
| Molecular mass | Approximately 814 Da | Consistent with a seven-residue peptide |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized form |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Also soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Limits methionine oxidation |
Terminology around the compound varies by source. It appears in catalogues and papers as Semax, as the heptapeptide ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, and under various alphanumeric laboratory codes used by individual suppliers. These names refer to the same sequence but may imply different salt forms, purity grades, or counter-ions. Peptide databases usually list the free base mass, while product descriptions sometimes report acetate or trifluoroacetate salts with a different formula weight. Because naming conventions for research peptides are not standardised across vendors, checking the declared sequence and measured mass is more reliable than relying on a trade name alone.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its design combines the ACTH(4-7) core fragment with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension, a modification intended to improve stability and prolong activity. The molecule is hydrophilic, carries no lipid chains or glycosylation, and has a theoretical mass just over 810 daltons in its free form. All seven residues are proteinogenic amino acids, so no non-natural building blocks appear in the backbone. A free N-terminal methionine and C-terminal proline define the unmodified parent peptide.
Published research on this peptide originates mainly from Russian laboratories, and the wider international literature is comparatively thin. Studies have used rodent models of stroke, hypoxia, and memory tasks, with a smaller number of human trials reported. Reported outcomes include changes in attention and memory measures, along with effects on neurotrophic factor expression in some experiments. Small sample sizes, inconsistent dosing protocols, and limited independent replication are widely noted limitations, so the strength of the clinical evidence remains an open question.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide whose sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. The first four residues correspond to the ACTH(4-10) fragment, while the terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension was added to improve metabolic stability. Its molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and its monoisotopic mass is approximately 813.9 Da. The compound is classified as a peptide research chemical and as a registered pharmaceutical product in Russia, but it does not hold marketing approval in the European Union or the United States. Naming conventions vary across supplier catalogs.
The ocular complications of MFS can often be treated with surgery. Ectopia lentis can be treated, as artificial lenses can be surgically implanted. In addition, surgery can address glaucoma, retinal detachment or tears, and cataracts. Treatment of a spontaneous pneumothorax is dependent on the volume of air in the pleural space and the natural progression of the individual's condition. A small pneumothorax might resolve without active treatment in one to two weeks. Recurrent pneumothoraces might require chest surgery. Moderately sized pneumothoraces might need chest drain management for several days in a hospital. Large pneumothoraces are likely to be medical emergencies requiring emergency decompression. As an alternative approach, custom-built supports for the aortic root are also being used. As of 2020 this procedure has been used in over 300 people with the first case occurring in 2004.
The history of chemistry spans a period from the ancient past to the present. Since several millennia BC, civilizations were using technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze. Chemistry was preceded by its protoscience, alchemy, which operated a non-scientific approach to understanding the constituents of matter and their interactions. Despite being unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry by performing experiments and recording the results. Robert Boyle, although skeptical of elements and convinced of alchemy, played a key part in elevating the "sacred art" as an independent, fundamental and philosophical discipline in his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661). While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations, the crucial difference was given by the scientific method that chemists employed in their work. Chemistry, as a body of knowledge distinct from alchemy, became an established science with the work of Antoine Lavoisier, who developed a law of conservation of mass that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena. The history of chemistry afterwards is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard Gibbs.
He then spent a total of seven years in Liangjiahe, where he lived in a yaodong, a type of cave house found in northern China. During his time in Liangjiahe, Xi's half-sister Heping hanged herself at her military academy. In 1973, Yanchuan County assigned Xi to Zhaojiahe Village in the Jiajianping Commune to lead social education efforts. Due to his effective work and strong rapport with the villagers, the community expressed a desire to keep him. However, after Liangjiahe Village advocated for his return, Xi was sent back there. The village branch secretaries supported his application to the CCP. Yet, due to his father Xi Zhongxun still facing political persecution, the application was initially denied by the higher authorities. According to one account, Xi applied for CCP membership twice; his first application was rejected due to his father's status, but the second time, due to a new policy of not judging offsprings due to their parents, the application was approved. Around that time, as the Liangjiahe village underwent leadership changes, Xi was recommended to become the Party branch chairman of the Liangjiahe Brigade, later taking office. In 1975, when the Yan'an region was allocated two spots at Tsinghua University, Xi applied to the university in all three of his allowable choices. From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student in Beijing.
By enabling three-dimensional movement within DMF, the technology can be used even more extensively in biological applications, as it could more accurately mimic 3-D microenvironments. A large benefit of employing this type of method is that it allows for two different environments to be accessible by the droplet, which can be taken advantage of by splitting the microfluidic tasks among the two surfaces. For example, while the lower plane can be used to move droplets, the upper plate can carry out the necessary chemical and/or biological processes. This advantage can be translated into practical experiment protocols in the biological community, such as coupling with DNA amplification. This also allows for the chip to be smaller, and to give researchers more freedom in designing platforms for microdroplet analysis.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Health Minister Simeon Brown confirms the Government would lower the bowel screening eligibility age range from 60 to 58 years, using funding from a cancelled pilot programme established by the previous Labour government to lower the eligibility age for Māori and Pasifika New Zealanders from 60 to 50 years. Air New Zealand CEO Greg Foran announces that he will resign from his position effective 20 October. 7 March: New Zealand Labour Party leader Chris Hipkins announces a cabinet reshuffle of his shadow cabinet during his State of the Nation speech. Health Minister Simeon Brown announces a major overhaul of Health New Zealand including reinstating its leadership board, decentralisation and promoting private-public partnership. 8 March: A Pride parade is held in Wellington, with Mayor of Wellington Tory Whanau and actor Karen O'Leary attending. About 30 Destiny Church Man Up protesters stage a counter-protest. Police separate the two groups. A total fire ban comes into force in the Northland Region from 12am midnight in response to persistent dry, hot and windy conditions. 11 March – School lunch provider Libelle Group goes into liquidation, affecting 500 staff. The company had been contracted by the Compass Group to provide 125,000 meals to the Government's "Ka Ora, Ka Ako" school meal programme. 12 March: Camilla Belich's Crimes (Theft By Employer) Amendment Bill passes its third reading in Parliament with the support of the Labour, Green, Te Pāti Māori and New Zealand First.
=== Physical methods === The simplest approach is to connect two commercial columns in series, which is termed a “tandem column”. Another approach is “biphasic column”, by packing two stationary phases separately in two ends of the same column. The third approach is to homogenize two or more different types of stationary phases in a single column, which is termed a “hybrid column” or “mixed-bed column”.
==== Switzerland ==== The aim of the Radon Action Plan 2012-2020 in Switzerland was to incorporate the new international recommendations into the Swiss strategy for protection against radon and thus reduce the number of lung cancer cases attributable to radon in buildings. On 1 January 2018, the limit value of 1000 Bq/m3 was replaced by a reference value of 300 becquerels per cubic meter (Bq/m3) for the radon gas concentration averaged over a year in "rooms in which people regularly spend several hours a day". Subsequently, on May 11, 2020, the Federal Office of Public Health FOPH issued the Radon Action Plan 2021-2030. The provisions on radon protection are primarily laid down in the Radiation Protection Ordinance (RPO).
The closest relatives within the genus are Ambrosiella xylebori, the symbiont of Xylosandrus compactus (the black twig borer), and Ambrosiella grosmanniae, the symbiont of Xylosandrus germanus (the black stem borer). The genera of Ceratocystidaceae have been revised multiple times based on molecular data, incorporating sequences derived from other Ambrosiella species but not necessarily A. roeperi (and sometimes only including Ambrosiella that have now been moved elsewhere). These analyses imply the genus is most closely related to Huntiella. Within this taxon, studies incorporating the LSU rDNA of A. roeperi suggest that it, A. xylebori, A. hartigii, and A. beaveri comprise a monophyletic lineage excluding A. ferruginea (now Phialoporopsis ferruginea) and most closely aligned to Ceratocystis adiposa, subsequent analysis using 18S rDNA and translation elongation factor alpha confirms this and suggests a monophyletic clade of Ambrosiella associated with the scolytine tribe Xyleborini.
== Subtypes == Based on receptor binding studies, three variants of the KOR: κ1, κ2, and κ3 have been characterized via radioligand binding and regional CNS mapping. However, only one encoding cDNA has been cloned, hence these subtypes likely arise from interactions of the KOR protein with other membrane-associated proteins rather than gene duplication. Historically the understanding that KORs are encoded by a single gene reopened the question of how one receptor system could be involved in such a multiplicity of interactions and disparate profiles.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is registered as a pharmaceutical product in Russia, where it is typically supplied as a nasal solution. In most other countries it is not an approved drug and is traded as a research chemical instead. Approval status depends entirely on the jurisdiction involved.
Most published work uses intranasal administration, matching the route of the registered Russian formulation. Some animal experiments use intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. The route matters because the intact peptide is cleared rapidly from blood, so exposure differs between methods.
A purity value describes the share of the powder accounted for by the target peptide, usually by high-performance liquid chromatography. It does not confirm that the sequence is correct, which requires mass spectrometry or amino acid analysis. Purity and identity are separate checks.
Semax is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide derived from a fragment of corticotropin. It is used in Russia as a nasal preparation, while elsewhere it is studied as a research compound. It is not approved as a medicine in most countries.