This is a working overview of ACTH(4-10), written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2025-09-09 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
The compound is registered in Russia as a pharmaceutical product, most commonly formulated as a nasal solution, and has been used in that setting since the 1990s. Outside that jurisdiction it is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Regulatory status therefore differs sharply between countries, and material sold internationally may not correspond to the Russian pharmaceutical formulation. Documentation with commercial samples is typically limited to a certificate of analysis covering purity and identity, not clinical status or local legal classification.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
The proposed mechanism centres on neurotrophic signalling rather than direct receptor activation. Semax is reported to increase expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in several brain regions, and to shift the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems. Interaction with melanocortin receptors has been suggested because of the parent ACTH fragment. Many of these findings come from rodent studies, and the extent to which they translate to human physiology remains an open question.
Scientific literature on semax is unevenly distributed. A substantial share of published work originates from a small number of laboratories in Russia, while independent replication elsewhere is limited. Human data consist mostly of small trials with short follow-up, and several reported outcomes rely on subjective rating scales. Questions about how much intact peptide reaches the central nervous system after nasal administration, and how long it persists there, are still unresolved. The compound is best described as an active research subject rather than a settled pharmacological agent.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C37H51N9O10S | Contains one methionine sulfur atom |
| Molecular mass | Approximately 814 Da | Consistent with a seven-residue peptide |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized form |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Also soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Limits methionine oxidation |
研究兴趣主要集中在神经营养因子相关的路径上，包括脑源性神经营养因子与神经生长因子的表达变化。部分实验报告称在特定条件下观察到这些因子的水平上升，但具体信号通路和剂量依赖关系仍未完全厘清。多数公开数据来自细胞模型和动物实验，人体对照研究数量有限。因此，该化合物的作用机制在文献中属于活跃讨论，而非已经确立的定论。
Semax 是一种人工合成的七肽，氨基酸序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro，单字母缩写记作 MEHFPGP。它被归类为促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10) 的结构类似物，但并不天然存在于生物体内。母体片段 ACTH(4-10) 的序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly，Semax 替换了中间两个残基，并在羧基端延长了 Pro-Gly-Pro 三肽。这种延长被普遍认为能提升分子对肽酶的耐受性。
Clinical evidence consists largely of small trials with modest sample sizes, often without independent replication. Reported endpoints include cognitive scores, recovery after stroke, and visual function, but study designs vary widely and few trials meet contemporary reporting standards. Systematic reviewers have noted a high risk of bias in several of these reports. No large multicenter trial conducted outside Russia has been published. The compound is therefore best described as investigational in most jurisdictions, with its clinical role still unresolved.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its chain combines the first seven residues of corticotropin with a C-terminal proline-glycine-proline extension, a modification intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The free peptide has a molecular mass near 813.9 daltons. It belongs to the class of ACTH-derived fragments studied for central nervous system activity rather than for adrenal steroid stimulation. This structural relationship to a natural hormone fragment is the usual starting point for describing the compound in the literature.
Regulatory status varies sharply by country. Semax is registered for medical use in Russia, where it appears in formularies as a nasal solution, and it also holds registration in a small number of neighbouring states. It has no approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency, and it is not a scheduled controlled substance in most jurisdictions. Elsewhere it circulates mainly as laboratory material, so purity documentation comes from suppliers rather than from a national pharmacopoeia.
Semax is a synthetic peptide created in the Soviet Union during the early 1980s by researchers working in Moscow. It was built from the short adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment known as ACTH(4-10), and the chain was then extended with three additional amino acids. The resulting molecule was named semax and entered clinical use in Russia in 1994. It is generally described as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent rather than as a hormone analogue.
The parent fragment ACTH(4-10) carries the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly. Semax replaces the arginine and tryptophan positions with a proline-glycine-proline tail, giving Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. That change removes residues associated with adrenal stimulation, so the peptide does not drive cortisol release the way full ACTH does. This distinction shapes how the compound is grouped in the literature, where it sits with neuropeptides and peptide neuromodulators rather than with corticosteroids.
Clinical reports describe use in ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, optic nerve conditions, and cognitive complaints, but most of these studies are small and were conducted in a single region. Systematic reviews have generally described the evidence base as limited in size and variable in methodological quality. Randomised controlled data suitable for international regulatory assessment are scarce. As a result, major treatment guidelines outside Russia do not include the peptide, and interest in it remains largely research-driven rather than routine clinical.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It is described in the literature as an analogue of the ACTH(4–10) fragment, a short N-terminal portion of adrenocorticotropic hormone that retains some neurotropic activity without the full hormonal effects of the parent peptide. The molecule carries a methionine residue at the N-terminus and two proline residues near the C-terminus, features that shape both its interactions with receptor systems and its chemical stability. The free peptide corresponds to the formula C37H51N9O10S and a molecular mass near 813.9 Da.
The compound was developed in the 1980s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow, where it emerged from research on short ACTH fragments and their effects on the central nervous system. Russian pharmaceutical listings describe it as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent, most often formulated as nasal drops. It is not a marketed medicine in the United States or the European Union, and no pharmacopoeial monograph covers it. Consequently, most published clinical experience with the substance originates from a small number of research centres, mainly in Russia and neighbouring countries.
Artificial nucleic acid analogues have been designed and synthesized. They include peptide nucleic acid, morpholino- and locked nucleic acid, glycol nucleic acid, and threose nucleic acid. Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecules.
Braegen-02 is a small-molecule drug which acts as a potent and selective agonist of the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). It is commonly referred to as CF3CN due to the CF3 and CN groups in its chemical structure, but this may cause confusion with the unrelated chemical trifluoroacetonitrile which has the chemical formula CF3CN. As with many TrkB agonists it was derived through modification of the natural product TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, but it is more potent than earlier derivatives such as R13. It is under development as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
==== Grafting through ==== Not like the grafting from and grafting to approach which can conjugate several polymers onto one protein core, the grafting through approach enables several proteins to connect to one polymer chain due to the multivalent nature of protein.
A differential refractometer (DRI), or refractive index detector (RI or RID) is a detector that measures the refractive index of an analyte relative to the solvent. DRIs are often used as detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. They are considered to be universal detectors because they can detect anything with a refractive index different from the solvent, but they have low sensitivity.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Further reading == Fukase, Koichi; Kitazawa, Manabu; Sano, Akihiko; Shimbo, Kuniaki; Fujita, Hiroshi; Horimoto, Shingo; Wakamiya, Tateaki; Shiba, Tetsuo (1988). "Total synthesis of peptide antibiotic nisin". Tetrahedron Letters. 29 (7): 795–798. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)80212-9. (Total synthesis) Buchman, GW; Banerjee, S; Hansen, JN (1988). "Structure, expression, and evolution of a gene encoding the precursor of nisin, a small protein antibiotic". J Biol Chem. 263 (31): 16260–6. Bibcode:1988JBiCh.26316260B. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37587-2. PMID 3141403. (Biosynthesis) http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-10-common-food-tumor-growth.html https://phys.org/news/2024-02-common-food-unexpected-effects-gut.amp Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology - Page 187 books.google.ae/books?ISBN 0123847338 Zhang, Zhenrun J.; Wu, Chunyu; Moreira, Ryan; Dorantes, Darian; Pappas, Téa; Sundararajan, Anitha; Huaiying, Lin; Pamer, Eric G.; van der Donk, Wilfred A. (2024). "Activity of Gut-Derived Nisin-like Lantibiotics against Human Gut Pathogens and Commensals". ACS Publications. 19 (2): 357–369. doi:10.1021/acschembio.3c00577. PMC 10877564. PMID 38293740. This Common Food Preservative May Not Be as Harmless as We Thought : ScienceAlert [1]
== History == Kinohimitsu was established in 1998 and its Healthpad was the first product to be launched by Kino Biotech, which then was certified by US FDA as a medical device. Following the success of Healthpad, Hot Health Pad with Far Infra-Red was launched. In 2001, Kinohimitsu launched Beauty Drink 2500 mg, which was the first collagen drink in Southeast Asia. Kinohimitsu Collagen Diamond 5300 mg is most widely known, and it remains the company's best-selling product with over 1 million bottles sold worldwide. Famous celebrities such as China's Vicki Zhao, Hong Kong's Tavia Yeung and Singapore's Phua Chu Kang and Carrie Wong have also endorsed for Kinohimitsu.
=== Ethnicity === The total prevalence of glaucoma is about the same in North America and Asia, but the prevalence of angle-closure glaucoma is four times higher in Asia than in North America. In the United States, glaucoma is more common in African Americans, Latinos, and Asian-Americans.
==== Type II ==== Collagen is fatally defective at its C-terminus. Most cases result in death shortly after birth, or within the first year of life, due to respiratory failure. Another common cause of death is intracranial bleeds from skull fractures present at, or sustained during or shortly after, birth. In many cases, the newborn already has multiple broken bones at the time of birth. Type II infants also exhibit severe respiratory problems and have severely deformed bones. Sixty percent of infants die less than 24 hours after being born, and survival after the first year is extremely unlikely and normally requires mechanical ventilation. In the rare cases of infants who survive their first year of life, severe developmental and motor delays are seen; neither of two infants studied in 2019, both aged around two years, had achieved head control, and both required a ventilator to breathe. Type II is also known as the "lethal perinatal" form of OI, and is not compatible with survival into adulthood. Due to similarly severely deformed bones, sometimes infants with severe type III are wrongly initially classified as type II; once long-term survival is shown, they are considered as having type III instead.
=== Reemergence === The use of animal glue, as well as some other types of glues, largely vanished in Europe after the decline of the Western Roman Empire until the 16th to 18th centuries, when wooden furniture started to surge as a major craft. During the Middle Ages, fish glue remained a source for painting and illuminating manuscripts. Since the 16th century, hide glue has been used in the construction of violins. Amerindians used hoof glue primarily as a binder and as a water-resistant coating by boiling it down from leftover animal parts and applying it to exposed surfaces. They occasionally used hide glue as paint to achieve patterns after applying pigments and tanning to hides. Hoof glue would be used for purposes aside from hides, such as as a hair preservative. The Assiniboine preferred longer hair, so they would plaster the strands with a mixture of red earth and hoof glue. It was also used to bind feathers and equipment together.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Interactions == Methocarbamol may inhibit the effects of pyridostigmine bromide. Therefore, methocarbamol should be used with caution in those with myasthenia gravis taking anticholinesterase medications. Methocarbamol may disrupt certain screening tests as it can cause color interference in laboratory tests for 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and in urinary testing for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) using the Gitlow method.
== Contraindications == Allergy to sulfonylureas or sulfonamides Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetic ketoacidosis Patients that underwent removal of the pancreas Acute porphyria Severe liver disease accompanying with liver insufficiency Several conditions (e.g., infectious diseases or major surgical intervention), when insulin administration is required Pregnancy or breastfeeding
Her testimony contributed to UN Security Council sanctions being imposed on two Houthi security officials in February 2021. It was later alleged that she admitted some of her testimony was untrue, and she had embellished claims at the request of Saudi officials.
In multiple electrode aggregometry, anticoagulated whole blood is mixed with saline and a platelet agonist in a single-use cuvette with two pairs of electrodes. The increase in impedance between the electrodes as platelets aggregate onto them, is measured and visualized as a curve.
=== Personal nutrition === Personalized dietary requirements for an individual's nutritional needs has been linked to the prevention of diseases. As such, eating nutritious food is paramount to living a healthy life. 3D printed food can provide the control necessary to put a custom amount of protein, sugar, vitamins, and minerals into the foods we consume. Another area in customized food is elderly nutrition. The elderly sometimes cannot swallow foods, and as such require a softer pallet. However, these foods are often unappealing causing some individuals not to eat what their bodies' nutritional needs require. 3D printed food can provide a soft and aesthetically pleasing food in which the elderly can consume their bodies' dietary requirements. In October 2019, startup company Nourished 3D prints personalized nutritional gummies from 28 different vitamins. Individuals take a survey, then based on their answers, a personalized nutritional gummy is printed for that individual.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is registered as a pharmaceutical product in Russia, where it is typically supplied as a nasal solution. In most other countries it is not an approved drug and is traded as a research chemical instead. Approval status depends entirely on the jurisdiction involved.
Most published work uses intranasal administration, matching the route of the registered Russian formulation. Some animal experiments use intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. The route matters because the intact peptide is cleared rapidly from blood, so exposure differs between methods.
A purity value describes the share of the powder accounted for by the target peptide, usually by high-performance liquid chromatography. It does not confirm that the sequence is correct, which requires mass spectrometry or amino acid analysis. Purity and identity are separate checks.
Semax is based on the ACTH(4-10) fragment, a seven-amino-acid segment of adrenocorticotropic hormone. The synthetic peptide retains the core sequence while removing regions associated with endocrine activity. This modification is intended to isolate effects on the nervous system.